> | | | | | > Tailoring/Khalifa -Oldest Profession? ***Thou art a strange fellow: a tailor make a man?***

Tailoring/Khalifa -Oldest Profession? ***Thou art a strange fellow: a tailor make a man?***

Posted on Saturday, February 7, 2015 | Comments Off

A team of archaeologists and paleobiologists has discovered flax fibers in these microscopic soil samples. The flax, which would have been collected from the wild and not farmed, is believed to be more than 34,000 years old, making these fibers the oldest known to have been used by humans.
Credit: Science/AAAS
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090910142352.htm

A team of archaeologists and paleobiologists has discovered flax fibers that are more than 34,000 years old, making them the oldest fibers known to have been used by humans. The fibers, discovered during systematic excavations in a cave in the Republic of Georgia [Turkey], are described in the journal Science. ...

Some of the fibers were twisted, indicating they were used to make ropes or strings. Others had been dyed. Early humans used the plants in the area to color the fabric or threads made from the flax. ...

The discovery of such ancient fibers was a surprise to the scientists. Previously, the oldest known were imprints of fibers in small clay objects found in Dolni Vestonice, a famous site in the Czech Republic some 28,000 years old. 


More than 30,000 years ago someone living in a cave in the Caucasus Mountains twisted wild flax together and dyed it, producing the earliest known fibers made by humans, scientists report. 

"Making strings and ropes is a sophisticated invention," said Ofer Bar-Yosef, a professor of prehistoric archaeology at Harvard University. "They might have used this fiber to create parts of clothing, ropes, or baskets - for items that were mainly used for domestic activities." ...

Some of the fibers appear to have been dyed using plant materials common in the area, the researchers said. The color range included yellow, red, blue, violet, black and green.

"The colored fibers may indicate that the inhabitants of the cave were engaged in producing colorful textiles," they reported.

http://archaeology.about.com/od/middlepaleolithic/ss/textile_dzudzuana_3.htm

The most well-known evidence for the Upper Paleolithic use of fibers is, of course, illustrated on this page: fabric apparel on so-called venus figurines, including the 24,000 year old Venus of Willendorf. Other accepted archaeological evidence for the use of fibers of whatever date includes the recovery of eyed needles, awls, spindle whorls, combs, shuttles, netting needles and frames, and looms or other specialized tools related to weaving. Soffer (2004 below) has suggested that one use for the ivory baton discovered on many Paleolithic sites might have been used as a batten, to tamp down weft rows on a loom, based on the recognition of usewear on the long edges. Other accepted evidence includes sickle gloss and plant residues on stone tools; and impressions of plaited fibers or textiles in ceramic vessels, unfired clay and figurines like the Venus. 

A team of archaeologists and paleobiologists has discovered flax fibers that are more than 34,000 years old, making them the oldest fibers known to have been used by humans. The fibers, discovered during systematic excavations in a cave in the Republic of Georgia, are described in the journal Science.
The flax, which would have been collected from the wild and not farmed, could have been used to make linen and thread, the researchers say. The cloth and thread would then have been used to fashion garments for warmth, sew leather pieces, make cloths, or tie together packs that might have aided the mobility of our ancient ancestors from one camp to another.
The excavation was jointly led by Ofer Bar-Yosef, George Grant MacCurdy and Janet G. B. MacCurdy Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, with Tengiz Meshveliani from the Georgian State Museum and Anna Belfer-Cohen from the Hebrew University. The microscopic research of the soil samples in which numerous flax fibers were discovered was done by Eliso Kvavadze of the Institute of Paleobiology, part of the National Museum of Georgia.
"This was a critical invention for early humans. They might have used this fiber to create parts of clothing, ropes, or baskets—for items that were mainly used for domestic activities," says Bar-Yosef. "We know that this is wild flax that grew in the vicinity of the cave and was exploited intensively or extensively by modern humans."

Thread = Master of Thread. The String [String theory] Thread is the Binder, Connector, The Lam alphabet, The Glue, The connection.
The items created with these fibers increased early humans chances of survival and mobility in the harsh conditions of this hilly region. The flax fibers could have been used to sew hides together for clothing and shoes, to create the warmth necessary to endure cold weather. They might have also been used to make packs for carrying essentials, which would have increased and eased mobility, offering a great advantage to a hunter-gatherer society.
Some of the fibers were twisted, indicating they were used to make ropes or strings. Others had been dyed. Early humans used the plants in the area to color the fabric or threads made from the flax.
Today, these fibers are not visible to the eye, because the garments and items sewed together with the flax have long ago disintegrated. Bar-Yosef, Kvavadze and colleagues discovered the fibers by examining samples of clay retrieved from different layers of the cave under a microscope.
The discovery of such ancient fibers was a surprise to the scientists. Previously, the oldest known were imprints of fibers in small clay objects found in Dolni Vestonice, a famous site in the Czech Republic some 28,000 years old.
The scientists' original goal was to analyze tree pollen samples found inside the cave, part of a study of environmental and temperature fluctuations over the course of thousands of years that would have affected the lives of these early humans. However, while looking for this pollen, Kvavadze, who led the analysis of the pollen, also discovered non-pollen polymorphs – these flax fibers.
Bar-Yosef and his team used radiocarbon dating to date the layers of the cave as they dug the site, revealing the age of the clay samples in which the fibers were found. Flax fibers were also found in the layers that dated to about 21,000 and 13,000 years ago.
Bar-Yosef's team began the excavations of this cave in 1996, and has returned to the site each year to complete this work.
"We were looking to find when the cave was occupied, what was the nature of the occupation by those early hunter-gatherers, where did they go hunting and gathering food, what kind of stone tools they used, what types of bone and antler tools they made and how they used them, whether they made beads and pendants for body decoration, and so on," says Bar-Yosef. "This was a wonderful surprise, to discover these ancient flax fibers at the end of this excavation project."
Bar-Yosef and Kvavadze's co-authors are Belfer-Cohen, Meshveliani, Elizabeth Boaretto of the Weizmann Institute of Science and Bar-Ilan University, Nino Jakeli of the Georgian State Museum, and Zinovi Matskevich of the Department of Anthropology at Harvard.
The research was funded by the American School of Prehistoric Research at the Peabody Museum, Harvard University.
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Harvard University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Cite This Page:
Harvard University. "Archaeologists Discover Oldest-known Fiber Materials Used By Early Humans." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 11 September 2009. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090910142352.htm>.

"tailor (n.) 
c.1300, from Anglo-French tailour, Old French tailleor "tailor," also "stone-mason" (13c., Modern French tailleur), literally "a cutter," from tailler "to cut," from Late Latin or old Medieval Latin taliare "to split" (compare Medieval Latin taliator vestium "a cutter of clothes"), from Latin talea "a slender stick, rod, staff; a cutting, twig."
Although historically the tailor is the cutter, in the trade the 'tailor' is the man who sews or makes up what the 'cutter' has shaped. [OED]
The post-Latin sense development would be "piece of a plant cut for grafting," hence a verb, "cut a shoot," then, generally, "to cut." Possible cognates include Sanskrit talah "wine palm," Old Lithuanian talokas "a young girl," Greek talis "a marriageable girl" (for sense, compare slip of a girl, twiggy), Etruscan Tholna, name of the goddess of youth.
Kent. ... You cowardly rascal, nature disclaims in thee; a tailor made thee. 
Corn. Thou art a strange fellow: a tailor make a man? 
Kent. Ay, a tailor, sir: a stone cutter, or a painter, could not have made him so ill, though they had been but two hours at the trade.
["King Lear"] No Fear Shakespeare → King Lear → Act 2, Scene 2, Page 3
One who makes outer garments to order, as opposed to a clothier, who makes them for sale ready-made. Tailor-made first recorded 1832 (in a figurative sense); literal sense was "heavy and plain, with attention to exact fit and with little ornamentation," as of women's garments made by a tailor rather than a dress-maker.
tailor (v.) 
1660s, from tailor (n.). Figurative sense of "to design (something) to suit needs" is attested from 1942. Related: Tailored; tailoring.
sartorial (adj.) 
"pertaining to a tailor," 1807, from Modern Latin sartorius, from Late Latin sartor "tailor" (source also of French sartre "tailor"), literally "patcher, mender," from Latin sart-, past participle stem of sarcire "to patch, mend," from PIE root *serk- "to make whole." Earlier in English in same sense was Related: sartorian (1660s). Sartorius as the name of the long leg muscle is because it is used in crossing the legs to bring them into the position needed to sit like a tailor. Related: Sartorially."
www.etymonline.com Words&Express Symbols

24 minutes ago
"The profession's denomination, Tailor, is a common surname in many languages: Taylor (English), Couturier (French), Schroeder, Schneider, and Schneiderman (German), Sarti (Italian), Siuvejas (Lithuanian), Szabó (Hungarian), Croitoru (Romanian), Sastre (Spanish), Krawiec (Kravitz) (Polish), Portnoy (Russian), Krejčí (Czech), Darzi (Hindi/Urdu), Snijder, Kleermaker(s) (Dutch), Alfaiate (Portuguese), Al-Khayyat / الخياط (Arabic), Chait / חייט (Hebrew), Raftis /Ράφτης (Greek), Kravets, Kravchuk, and Kravchenko (Ukrainian), Terzi (Turkish).

In the movie Meeting Venus (written and directed by István Szabó), many of the characters have the cognates ("blood relative") of the surname Tailor from different languages.

Though unrelated to the procedure of tailoring, the similar sounding name Tyler was derived from the tiler profession."

The first tailors? Researchers find ancient fiber

Randolph E. Schmid
More than 30,000 years ago someone living in a cave in the Caucasus Mountains twisted wild flax together and dyed it, producing the earliest known fibers made by humans, scientists report.
"Making strings and ropes is a sophisticated invention," said Ofer Bar-Yosef, a professor of prehistoric archaeology at Harvard University. "They might have used this fiber to create parts of clothing, ropes, or baskets — for items that were mainly used for domestic activities."
The fibers were discovered in an analysis of clay deposits in Dzudzuana Cave in what is now the country Georgia, Bar-Yosef and co-authors report in Friday's edition of the journal Science.
The earliest previous evidence of fibers worked by humans was from Dolni Vestonice, a site in the Czech Republic dated to 28,000 years ago.
The newly discovered fibers were made from the wild form of flax, not a plant that had been domesticated for farming.
These ancestors really had a clear idea and method of dealing with a useful plant in its wild form to provide good quality fibers for different uses, Bar-Yosef said via e-mail.
"Innovation was a trait of modern humans when compared to earlier populations," he added. "The invention of strings and ropes is an old one and probably helped to change the organization of transport from earlier times."
Some of the fibers appear to have been dyed using plant materials common in the area, the researchers said. The color range included yellow, red, blue, violet, black and green.
"The colored fibers may indicate that the inhabitants of the cave were engaged in producing colorful textiles," they reported. There was also evidence of processing fur and skin at the site.
Overall, the team, which had been studying pollen remains, collected 787 fragments of fibers.
In addition to Bar-Yosef, the team included researchers from Hebrew University in Jerusalem; Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel; Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and the Georgian State Museum in Tbilisi.
The research was funded by the American School of Prehistoric Research at Harvard's Peabody Museum.
___
On the Net:
Science: http://www.sciencemag.org

Previously reported evidence for the Upper Paleolithic use of textiles comes from several sites in Eurasia, including Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov, both in the Czech Republic. Found at Pavlov were impressions in clay of knotted nets, thought to have been used to capture birds. These sites are both dated to the Upper Paleolithic period between about 29,000-32,000 BP, or approximately the same age as Dzudzuana Cave. Ohalo II in Israel contained some unidentified plant fibers dated about ~21,000 BP, and of course footwearmade from plant fibers has been postulated as early as 40,000 BP.
The most well-known evidence for the Upper Paleolithic use of fibers is, of course, illustrated on this page: fabric apparel on so-called venus figurines, including the 24,000 year old Venus of Willendorf. Other accepted archaeological evidence for the use of fibers of whatever date includes the recovery of eyed needles, awls, spindle whorls, combs, shuttles, netting needles and frames, and looms or other specialized tools related to weaving. Soffer (2004 below) has suggested that one use for the ivory baton discovered on many Paleolithic sites might have been used as a batten, to tamp down weft rows on a loom, based on the recognition of usewear on the long edges. Other accepted evidence includes sickle gloss and plant residues on stone tools; and impressions of plaited fibers or textiles in ceramic vessels, unfired clay and figurines like the Venus.

Sources and Further Information

Bochenski, Zbigniew M., et al. In press Fowling during the Gravettian: the avifauna of Pavlov I, the Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science In press
Kvavadze, Eliso, et al. 2009 30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers. Science 325:1359.
Minturn, Leigh 1996 The Economic Importance and Technological Complexity of Hand-Spinning and Hand-Weaving. Cross-Cultural Research 30:330-351.
Trinkaus, Erik 2005 Anatomical evidence for the antiquity of human footwear use. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(10):1515-1526.

   
The Druze (/druːz/;[7] Arabic: درزي‎ derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz; Hebrew: דרוזים‎, druzim) are a monotheistic religious and social community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan.[8] Rooted in Ismailism, a branch of Shia Islam, Druze beliefs incorporate elements from Abrahamic religions as well as Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, Pythagoreanism, and other philosophies, creating a distinct theology known to esoterically interpret religious scriptures and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness. The Druze call themselves Ahl al-Tawhid "the People of Monotheism" or "the People of Unity" or al-Muwaḥḥidūn "the Unitarians". The Druze community played an important role in shaping the history of the Levant, particularly Lebanon. The Druze's social customs differ markedly from those of Muslims or Christians and they are known to form a close knit and cohesive social community but also integrate fully in their adopted homelands. 

Origin of the name[edit]

Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
The name Druze is derived from the name of Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazī (from Persian darzi, "seamster") who was an early preacher. Although the Druze consider ad-Darazī a heretic,[14] the name has been used to identify them.
Before becoming public, the movement was secretive and held closed meetings in what was known as Sessions of Wisdom. During this stage a dispute occurred between ad-Darazi and Hamza bin Ali mainly concerning ad-Darazi's ghuluww ("exaggeration"), which refers to the belief that God was incarnated in human beings (especially 'Ali and his descendants, including Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who was the caliph at the time) and to ad-Darazi naming himself "The Sword of the Faith", which led Hamza to write an epistle refuting the need for the sword to spread the faith and several epistles refuting the beliefs of the ghulat.
In 1016 ad-Darazi and his followers openly proclaimed their beliefs and called people to join them, causing riots in Cairo against the Unitarian movement including Hamza bin Ali and his followers. This led to the suspension of the movement for one year and the expulsion of ad-Darazi and his supporters.[15]
Although the Druze religious books describe ad-Darazi as the "insolent one" and as the "calf" who is narrow-minded and hasty, the name "Druze" is still used for identification and for historical reasons. In 1018 ad-Darazi was assassinated for his teachings; some sources claim that he was executed by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.[14][16]
Some authorities see in the name "Druze" a descriptive epithet, derived from Arabic dāresah ("those who study").[17] Others have speculated that the word comes from the Persian word Darazo (درز "bliss") or from ShaykhHussayn ad-Darazī, who was one of the early converts to the faith.[18] In the early stages of the movement, the word "Druze" is rarely mentioned by historians, and in Druze religious texts only the word Muwaḥḥidūn ("Unitarian") appears. The only early Arab historian who mentions the Druze is the eleventh century Christian scholar Yahya of Antioch, who clearly refers to the heretical group created by ad-Darazī rather than the followers of Hamza ibn 'Alī.[18] As for Western sources, Benjamin of Tudela, the Jewish traveler who passed through Lebanon in or around 1165, was one of the first European writers to refer to the Druzes by name. The word Dogziyin ("Druzes") occurs in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, but it is clear that this is a scribal error. Be that as it may, he described the Druze as "mountain dwellers, monotheists, who believe in 'soul eternity' and reincarnation."[19] He also stated that "they loved the Jews."[20]

Khalifa or Khalifah may refer to:

Concept[edit]

Places[edit]

Living people[edit]

Historical people[edit]

House of Al-Khalifa[edit]

  • House of Khalifa
  • Abū 'Amr Khalifa ibn Khayyat al Laythī al 'Usfurī (born : 160/161 A.H/777 A.D– died 239/240 A.H/ 854 A.D) was an Arab historian.
    His family were natives of Basra in Iraq. His grandfather was a noted muhaddith or traditionalist, and Khalifa became renowned for this also. Among the great Islamic scholars who were his pupils were Bukhari and Ahmad ibn Hanbal.
    He is known to have written at least four works, of which two have survived. These are the Tabaqat (biographies) andTarikh (history). The latter is valuable as being one of three of the earliest Arabic histories, but the full text was not known until an 11th-century copy was found in Rabat, Morocco in 1966 (published in 1967).

    References[edit]

    • J. Schacht (1969), "The Kitab al-Tarih of Khalifa bin Hayyat", Arabica, 16, 79–81. Schacht found the manuscript, and in the article reviews its publication by one of his former students

He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician ��, Hebrew ה, Aramaic or Syriac ܗ and Arabichāʾ ﻫ. Its sound value is a voiceless glottal fricative ([h]).
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Epsilon, Etruscan E ��, Latin E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, Ё, Є and Э.He, like all Phoenician letters, represented a consonant, but the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic equivalents have all come to represent vowel sounds.

Origins[edit]

In Proto-Northwest Semitic there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular ḫ, glottal h, and pharyngeal ḥ. In the Wadi el-Hol script, these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs
V28
Thread =hayt=Tailor!
He is often used to represent the name of God, as He stands for Hashem, which means The Name and is a way of saying God without actually saying the name of God.

Powered by Blogger.